SE145:/DS1

Sample Set Information

ID	TSE1302
Title	Effects of Combined Low Glutathione with Mild Oxidative and Low Phosphorus Stress on the Metabolism of Arabidopsis thaliana
Description	Plants possess highly sensitive mechanisms that monitor environmental stress levels for a dose-dependent fine-tuning of their growth and development. Differences in plant responses to severe and mild abiotic stresses have been recognized. Although many studies have revealed that glutathione can contribute to plant tolerance to various environmental stresses, little is known about the relationship between glutathione and mild abiotic stress, especially the effect of stress-induced altered glutathione levels on the metabolism. Here, we applied a systems biology approach to identify key pathways involved in the gene-to-metabolite networks perturbed by low glutathione content under mild abiotic stress in Arabidopsis thaliana. We used glutathione synthesis mutants (cad2-1 and pad2-1) and plants overexpressing the gene encoding γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase, the first enzyme of the glutathione biosynthetic pathway. The plants were exposed to two mild stress conditions—oxidative stress elicited by methyl viologen and stress induced by the limited availability of phosphate. We observed that the mutants and transgenic plants showed similar shoot growth as that of the wild-type plants under mild abiotic stress. We then selected the synthesis mutants and performed multi-platform metabolomics and microarray experiments to evaluate the possible effects on the overall metabolome and the transcriptome. As a common oxidative stress response, several flavonoids that we assessed showed overaccumulation, whereas the mild phosphate stress resulted in increased levels of specific kaempferol- and quercetin-glycosides. Remarkably, in addition to a significant increased level of sugar, osmolytes, and lipids as mild oxidative stress-responsive metabolites, short-chain aliphatic glucosinolates over-accumulated in the mutants, whereas the level of long-chain aliphatic glucosinolates and specific lipids decreased. Coordinated gene expressions related to glucosinolate and flavonoid biosynthesis also supported the metabolite responses in the pad2-1 mutant. Our results suggest that glutathione synthesis mutants accelerate transcriptional regulatory networks to control the biosynthetic pathways involved in glutathione-independent scavenging metabolites, and that they might reconfigure the metabolic networks in primary and secondary metabolism, including lipids, glucosinolates, and flavonoids. This work provides a basis for the elucidation of the molecular mechanisms involved in the metabolic and transcriptional regulatory networks in response to combined low glutathione content with mild oxidative and nutrient stress in A. thaliana.
Authors	Fukushima A, Iwasa M, Nakabayashi R, Kobayashi M, Nishizawa T, Okazaki Y, Saito K, Kusano M.
Reference	Front Plant Sci. 2017 Aug 28;8:1464.
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PubMed

Data Analysis Details Information

ID	DS1
Title	Data processing for GC-TOF-MS data
Description	Nonprocessed MS data from GC-TOF-MS analysis were exported in NetCDF format generated by chromatography processing- and mass spectral deconvolution software (LecoChromaTOF version 3.22; LECO, St. Joseph, MI, USA) to MATLAB 6.5 or MATLAB2011b (Mathworks, Natick, MA, USA) for the performance of all data-pretreatment procedures, e.g. smoothing, alignment, time-window setting H-MCR, and RDA (Jonsson et al., 2006). The resolved MS spectra were matched against reference mass spectra using the NIST mass spectral search program for the NIST/EPA/NIH mass spectral library (version 2.0) and our custom software for peak-annotation written in JAVA. Peaks were identified or annotated based on their RIs, a comparison of the reference mass-spectra with the GolmMetabolome Database (GMD) released from CSB.DB (Kopka et al., 2005), and our in-house spectral library. The metabolites were identified by comparison with RIs from the library databases (GMD and our own library) and the RIs of authentic standards. The metabolites were defined as annotated metabolites after comparison with the mass spectra and the RIs from these two libraries. The data matrix was normalized using the CCMN algorithm for further analysis (Redestig et al., 2009) .
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